ew Vietnamese speakers lived in New York before 1975, when the fall of Saigon drove large numbers of South Vietnamese to come to the United States as refugees. Some Vietnamese migrants had married U.S. servicemen, but a much larger number, including many Hoa (or ethnic Chinese), came as "boat people" fleeing repression in the following years. A substantial Vietnamese community, speaking Southern varieties, called New York home by the 1990s, with no single center but concentrations in or near Chinese areas of Brooklyn, Queens, and Manhattan (considering degrees of cultural and linguistic kinship) and an apparently more heavily Kinh community in the Bronx with its own Buddhist temple (Chieu Kien) and a Vietnamese-language mass at St. Nicholas of Tolentine. Quite distinct is a smaller grouping of North Vietnamese who have come as educational migrants and professionals in recent years.